P1.  People, Places, Ships … 10 Qs, 5pts ea. … Matching

  1. People

Revolution

A.       British General Gage – gov of MA in 1773; sent men after colonist weapons store; lost 273 men to miltia on the way back

B.       Samual Chase – (Cong. Delegate, MD) forming navy “the maddest idea in the world”

C.       Esek Hopkins – C-in-C Cont. Navy; Made first voyage; to Nassau, Bahamas (notable success; captured cannon, etc and fended off British on the return trip)  … did little afterwards and was relieved

D.       Benedict Arnold – built Navy on Champlain; delayed combat so long that winter descended as US fleet defeated (though it partially escaped in the fog).

E.       General Burgoyne – delayed by Arnold then by winter; marched south in spring and was surr and had to surr

F.       John Paul Jones – first Cont. ship saluted by foreign power (in Ranger)

Quasi-War

G.       COMMO John Barry – taught Preble; 1st to sail US warship beyond Cape of Good Hope à Indian Ocean; Led Amer squadron into the Caribbean

H.       COMMO Truxton – commanded Constellation (beat one ship, caused another to run aground); had officers study tactics, wrote books on Navy (cellestial navigation)

I.         SEC Stoddert – oredered end of hostilities on French ships; resp for strat etc; reco cong build ships ot line

Jeffersonian Policy / Barbary Wars

J.        SEC Treasury Gallatin – aggressive debt repayal; destroy/rebuild Navy

K.       Preble – strict (incident with Donegal – resolve learned [night, false ID …]); sends Intrepid into harbor with explosives; bombards harbor 5 times

L.        Decatur – Use captured ship and translator to get into harbor and burn Philadelphia

M.      Eaton – wanted coup de tat; took Derna, but Algiers Consul settles

War of 1812

N.       James Barron – Chesepeake; leaves unfit to fight and is attacked by the Leopard who impresses 4 sailors

O.       Chauncey – In charge of Ontario, Erie; built Ontario fleet, reluctant to fight; took York

P.       Perry – defeats Brits on Erie (see other notes for more details)

Q.       Capt Lawrence – loses Chesapeake and his own life to HMS Shannon (she boarded, most of Ches crew below decks)

R.       COMMO Macdounough – other sheet

Naval Transition

S.       David Porter – traded frigs for steam vessel to chase pirates in shallow water; relieved after rescuing imprisoned officer (“did too much”); later becomes diplomat to Constantinople and secures commercial treaties with Turkey and Ottoman Empire

T.       SecNav Dickerson – pushed for steam

U.       Perry  - wanted steam and convinced cong to auth steam warships; diplomat to Venuezula (got treaty for safety in Venuezuelan waters)

V.       Bancroft – SecNav; SecWar left so he established usna by using his temp powers as SecWar to give SecNav (himself) Ft McHenry

W.      Mackenzie – captain of Somers; ship overcrowded, no brig or marines; mutiny; 3 hung

X.       Wilkes – explored Pacific; created maps of islands, reefs, depths

Y.       Upshur – SecNav under Pres. Taylor; created Home Squadron; wanted Navy built relative to other navies

Mexican War

Z.       Taylor – Fort Texas; won battle w/superior artillery, then beat 3x size mex army while defending Fort Texas

AA.    Stockton – Pushed for Texas to be hostile to Mexico; his ship Princeton had SecDef Gilmer and SecState Upshur killed when cannon exploded

BB.    Thomas Ap Catsby Jones – Pacific CDR; Got false report and captures Montorey then returns it

CC.   Scott – Gulf CDR; Vera Cruz idea

DD.   Conner – blockaded ports (little resistance), prepared for Vera Cruz

EE.    Perry – relieved Conner, took Vera Cruz

FF.    Sloat – slow to start; took Montorey, declared annexation (illegally) of CA; relieved by Stockton (to his relief)

Civil War

GG.   Wells – SecNav, Bureua (Prov and Clothing) Chief, journalist; out of touch; good administrator

HH.   Mallory – C.SecNav; Cahri Sen Comm on Naval Affairs; Current, wanted ironclads

II.        General Winfield – anaconda plan

JJ.      Wilkes – San Cacinto spots HMS Trent to get Confed Commissioners off; nearly beings war w/Brits

KK.    Dupont – seized first Confed Port (Port Royal); used ellipitcal pattern to bring all guns to bear; fails later to take Charleston Harbor – monitors hit badly (50+ each); relieved

LL.     David Dixon Porter – ferries Grants troops; “run the gauntlet”; 1 ship lost; G wins 5 battles, takes Vicksburg

MM.  Dahlgren – blockades Charleston Harbor

NN.   Farragut – overwhelms Mobile Bay; (special formation so iron prot small wood…)

Post Civil War

OO.   Hunt – SecNav, ordered Rogers to list what Navy needed

PP.    Luce – Naval War College; said fleet needed battleships to be a fleet

QQ.   Whitney – SecNav, wanted Naval WC abolished

RR.   Mahan – Influence of Sea Power; 1st NWC prof

SS.    Rodgers – attacked Seoul when Korea wouldn’t trade; reco’s 68 vessels now, 21 BShps, 70 cruisers

TT.    Shufeldt – est trade treaty with Korea

Spanish-American War

UU.   Theodore Roosevelt – Asst SecNav; SecNav took day off, he mobilized merchant ships and ordered Dewey to secure his area, ready for Phil. attack; led “Rough Riders” up Kettle Hill (flank San Uan Hill) (1st Volunteer Cavalry Unit)

VV.    Pres McKinley – didn’t want war, reco’d Cuban independence

WW.  Dewey – took Manila Bay “You may fire when ready Gridley”; defeated Montojo; risky attack

XX.    Schley – Flying Squadron, opened fire on Santiago when battle came

YY.    Sampson, Home Squadron, blockade Havana then searched for Cevera; joined fire on Cevera at Santiago

 

  1. Places

A.       Rhode Island – General Assembly decided navy was essential; first public announcement

B.       Lake Champlain – British victory, but slowed them down and caused Burgoyne’s surrender

C.       Quiberon Bay – French salute Jones

D.       Chesapeake – French sailed out too fast, Brits don’t take advantage; Brits get out of line and can’t bring all guns to bear and lose the battle

E.       Morocco – first to sign peace with US ships, broke it

F.       West Indies – US attacked French here where only small retaliation could be mustered

G.       Derna – city captured by Eaton’s forces

H.       Battle of Trafalgar – gives Brits control of the sea (over Spanish, French)

I.         Great Lakes – see essay study sheet

J.        New Orleans – Brits attack frontally; lose and take huge losses

K.       Gulf of Mexico – Home Squadron stationed here during Mexico; 11 US vessels; little resistance once war starts

L.        Guadalupe-Hildago – Ended war b/w US & Mexico

M.      Norfolk – Abandoned by Union; 200 naval guns and dry dock left intact

N.       Fort Heny, Donnellson – breaks down Confed line of defense in southern KY

O.       Charleston Harbor – mined buoys, heavily defended; easily beats Dupont’s 8 monitors

P.       Mobile Bay – many forts, blockade runners; uses formation to prot woods with irons; CSS TN rammed until steering shot out; Farragut wins, overwhelming defense

Q.       Fort Fischer – protects river going to Wilmington, NC; assaulted by largest US squadron ever (US wins, leads to fall of Wlm., NC)

R.       Havana (see USS Maine)

S.       Manila Bay (see Dewey)

 

  1. Ships

A.       Hannah – schooner, converted merchantman; paid for by GW

B.       Alfred – first ship bought for Cont. Navy

C.       Hope – captured large vessel with 12k gallons of rum

D.       Reprisal – Captain Wicks; took Franklin to France, raided Brit waters til it was sunk

E.       Bohomme Richard – cannon exploded; Jones boards Serapis, takes it

F.       Constitution – post-Revo; magnificient ship, still afloat today

G.       Delaware – Decatur IC; captured 1st French Privateer Croyable (became  USS Retaliation)

H.       Donegal – Prebe encounters with squadron en route to Med Sea; “lesson of resolve”

I.         Vixen – off hunting while Philadelphia blockaded Tripoli

J.        Philadelphia – chased Tripolitan but ran aground and captured; later US snuck aboard and burned it

K.       Intrepid – sails into Tripoli harbor and blows up, little effect (premature)

L.        Chesapeake – under Barron left port unreadied; easily beaten and crew taken HMS Leopard

M.      Demologos – 1st successful steamer; “voice of the people”; good in harbor, no seagoing ability

N.       Essex – captured 9 ships + first Brit warship, HMS Albert; sails in Chile waters, capturing many unprot Brit whalers

O.       Constitution – narrowly escapes Brit fleet (no wind; kedges then escapes in squalll); later defeates Guerriere (2nd Brit warship)

P.       Pennsylvania – (naval transition); biggest and last US ship of the line; 140 guns

Q.       Seagull – Porter used to chase West Indies pirates; no others for some time

R.       Fulton II – bought in NY 1836; 12 knots

S.       Somers – overcrowded training ship; no marines / brig; mutiny; Mackenzie (skipper) puts 3 to death

T.       Vincennes – 1st US circumnavigation

U.       Potomac – 1st US intervention in Asia

V.       Peacock – US treaty with oriental powers

W.      Constellation – China treaty

X.       Steven’s Battery – would-be first ironclad, but unfinished; French Gloire finished 17 years afterwards to be the first ironclad

Y.       Princeton  - cannon on it blew, killing SecDef/State Gilmer/Upshur

Z.       Monitor – Union’s 1st ironclad; low in water, 2 cannon in rotating turret

AA.    Merimac – Confederate’s 1st ironclad; ram on front

BB.    CSS Florida – captured in Brazil; US takes it to DC; Brazil demands it be returned (she’s nuetral) but US says got “lost”

CC.   CSS Alabama – “Ghost Raider”; England; 69 prizes // 22 months; sinks USS Hatarus (1st USS sunk by CSS); Kearsage sinks her mainly because her gunpowder has aged and not working well

DD.   CSS David – long range, cigar-shaped, rams (later ver have torp on spar)

EE.    Virginius – false colors flying; Spanish capture and execute, some Americans; Spain paid idemnities and apologized

FF.    Maine – 2nd Class Bshp; Havana to prot US citizens and prop in Cuba; blew up; inquiry blamed mine (poss internal heat + mag)

GG.   USS Merimack – 333ft collier; sunk to block 350ft pass in Santiago; not successful

 

P2.  Short Answer (Choose 5 of 10 Qs; 10pts ea) … Battles, Strategy (Anaconda, Privateers), Policy (Naval Acts)

I.         Battles (note: all info about battles between individual ships is above)

A.       Lake Champlain – turning point of the revolution; Brits had to move their ships over land to get to water where amer were; joint army / navy effort under Benedict Arnold; British Inflexible decimated US fleet until fog fell; it then escaped – it was late in the year and too close to winter for the British to advance into New England; come spring, Gen. Burgoyne advances and is surrounded and must surrender to a US army twice his army’s size at Saratoga

B.       Battle of the Chesapeake / Battle of the Capes – GW’s troops from NY join MG Greene’s forces in Viriginia in prep to fight Cornwallis’s 7500 men who’d been capturing territory from south to north at heavy costs to themselves.  French ships land 2500 soldiers when British ships head to New York.  The ships then defeat the British disabling their ability to reinforce and supply Cornwallis who is forced to surrender at Yorktown (turning point).

C.       Battle of the Cowpens – (2nd) decisive American victory; smaller US force (many militia) massacred British force

D.       Donegal, Philadelphia, Preble attacks Tripoli (Intrepid), Derna – all discussed above

E.       Chesapeake-Leopard, Great Lakes – see essay study sheet

F.       New Orleans – Brits attack frontally; lose and take huge losses

G.       Matamoros – General Sherman occupies it from disputed Rio Grande

H.       California – Sloat (Navy, then relieved); Lt. Col Freemont (exploration); Kearny (Army) … Stockton eventually takes charge

I.         First Bull Run (First Manassas) – 1st major Civil War land battle; Federals couldn’t capatilize on early advances and ended up routing; Confeds unable to pursue, but won (3k to 2k causulties)

J.        Opening Civil War Action – US Navy captures Confederate ports, A/N ops in S. Atlantic coast

K.       Fort Henry, Donnellson, Gettysburg, Charleston Harbor, Mobile Bay, Fort Fischer – all discussed above

L.        Manila Bay – see Dewey

M.      Santiago – USS Merimack sank in attempt to block the bay (fails); Sampson and Schely blockade; Spanish come out when Sampson on Cuba; Sampson returns during the fight; decrepit Spanish easily destroyed – “It was a little less than four hours – not a long time in which to see the death of 324 men, the overwhelming of six ships, the loss of a colony, and the crumbling of an empire…It was the signal that four centuries of grandeur was at an end, and that Spain was becoming a nation of the fourth class.”

II.        Strategy

A.       Third essay covers many of the strategies

B.       Quasi-War: Attack West Indies trade lines; shoot waterline (offensive) … French shoot rigging (defensive)

C.       Burning Philadelphia and how they were able to…

D.       Fleets vs Single ships

E.       Privateers, Blockading, New technology, Commerce Raiding

F.       Anaconda – General Winfield (“Old Fuss and Feathers”); strange south with blockade; take MS river; large army to prot DC

III.      Policy

A.       Post Revolution: navy dismantled; wanted superfrigates to handle evertyhing … navy only needed to protect sea trade

B.       Quasi-War: Adams pro-navy; Navy made separate (USMC too, later); Navy auth’d to escort ships even during peace time

C.       Jeffersonian / Barbary Wars: Gallatin wants to pay off debt; many ships mothballed; Jefferson didn’t believe US should pay tribute; Pres J went against party and re-est. Navy to handle Barbary powers

D.       War of 1812: Embargo Act (no Euro), Nonintercourse Act (no brit/france), Macon’s Bill #2 (brit or france)

E.       Naval Transition: Naval Act of 1816 – gradual buildup, 1M$ annually for 6 years; Bureas formed (after unsuccessful Board of Commissioners)

F.       Mexican War: US wanted territory; blockde, transportation (some A/N combined attack – Vera Cruz)

G.       Civil War (Union): Paper Blockade, take ports, improve technology (build ironclads, subs, CVs, weapons), maintain supplies inside Confed

H.       Civil War (Confed): King Cotton (south embargoes self; no trade to europe – europe unhurt, south economy devastated), try untried technologies (first with subs, first to start on ironclads [out of Union and Confed])

I.         Post Civil War (retrenchment / “the dark ages”): three bureaus added, had est. dry docks, foundaries, navy yards, rolling mills; most of fleet destroyed

J.        Post Civil War (reconstruction / renaissance): SecNav Tracy reco’s bships, cruisers, etc; ‘~panama canal cannot b e controlled with words~’; US tries to enforce Monroe Doctrine (Cleveland, New Guienia of Venezuela; luckily British aren’t upset and do retain control)

K.       Spanish-Amer War: US offered to buy Cuba before; patrol squadron (8 ships, Maine to DE); Home Squadron (search for Cevera); Flying Squadron ready to help with either job