Week 3: Information Warfare (IW)

I.         Mission Definition / Capabilities

A.  Information Warfare (IW) involves actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting adversary information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer based networks while defending one’s own similar resources.

 

B.  Capabilities – IW takes advantage of oppurtunities and vulnerabilities of dependence on information systems

1.   Defensive IW – continuous part of force protection

2.   Offensive IW – may involve complex legal and policy issues

3.   IW targets / protects: info, info transfer links, info gathering and processing nodes, and human interaction with info systems

a.   Greatest impact in the beginning of a crisis

4.            IW can help defuse crises, reduce confrontation period, and enhance the impact of informational, diplomatic, economic, and military efforts.

 

II.        Tactical Terms – C4I is a subset of IW; IW applied to attack and defend C4I

A.  Five pillars of C4I Warfare

1.   Operations Security (OPSEC) – protecting friendly information

a.   Accomplished by identifying, controlling, and protecting indicators associated with the planning and execution of friendly ops

2.   Military Deception (MILDEC) – actions to mislead enemies about US capabilities, intentions, ops, etc

3.   Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) – conveying select info to foreign audiences to induce influence their emotions, motives, and objective reasoning.  The purpose is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes or behaviors.

4.   Physical Destruction – destruction of enemy command and control infrastructure with weapons

5.   Electronic Warfare (EW) – use of electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum while retaining friendly ability to use the spectrum

 

B.  Counter-C4I – prevent enemy use of C4I by * the enemy C4I system

 

C.  C4I Protection – maintain our C4I by negating enemy efforts * our C4I system

* denying information to or influencing, degrading or destroying

 

III.      Divisions of Electronic Warfare

A.  Electronic Attack (EA) – actions which prevent or reduce an enemy’s use of the electromagnetic spectrum

1.   Jamming – deliberate radiation, re-radiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy

a.   Includes denial and falsification of info accomplished with:

·    High power transmitters (usually by EA-6B Prowler or SLQ-32 system on a ship)

·    or mechanically with chaffs to confuse enemy radar

2.   Deception – deliberate radiation, re-radiation, alteration, suppression, absorption, denial, enhancement, or reflection of electromagnetic energy; intended to mislead enemies and their equipment

a.   Manipulative Deception – prevent electromagnetic indicators from reaching enemy or conveying misleading ones

b.   Simulative Deception – simulate friendly, notional, or actual capabilities to mislead enemies

c.   Imitative Deception – convey electromagnetic energy to enemies which eminate their own emissions

 

B.  Electronic Support (ES) – action take to search for, intercept, locate, record, and analyze electromagnetic energy

1.   Can identify order of battle changes, targeting info, threats, and targets

2.   Objective: Locate the source of threat signals through analyzation of:

a.   Lines of Bearing (LOB) and cross fixes of the threat signal

b.   Intensity and mode of operation

c.   Combined with other sources of info ΰ more accurately locate and classify contacts

3.   Provides early detection of enemies at long range

4.   Passive – receivers to gather, process, and display signals

5.   Analysis of Potential Threat Signals

a.   Frequency

b.   Pulse Repetition Rate (PRR)

c.   Pulse Width

d.   Scan-type and rate

 

C.  Electronic Protection (EP) – ensure firiendly ability to use electromagnetic spectrum

1.   Technical EP – use of encryption devices

2.   Procedural EP – training operators to work through jamming

3.   Tactical EP – terrain masking of antennas, etc

4.   Effective EP achieved through good training, sound procedures, throough planning for alternate means of communication

5.   EP Adapation – EP must adapt to thwart enemy EA

a.   Anti-EA Measures – ability to operate at multiple frequencies (include system techniques and frequency controls)

b.   Anti-ES Measures

·    Tactical Evasion

¨  Routing of forces to render enemy EW ineffective

¨  Stationing of forces such that they are hard to find

¨  Use of ships as decoys

·    EMCON (Emissions Control) – selective and controlled use of electromagnetic, acoustic, and other emitters

¨  Optimize command and control capabilities while minimizing detection by enemy sensors

¨  Minimize interference among friendly systems

¨  Execute a military deception plan

 

IV.      Integrated Intelligence Support – result of collection, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of all available info … inclues:

1.   Create databases of areas with the potential for conflict

2.   Identify C4I nodes, links, and sensors of potentially hostile nations

3.   Assess C4I targets

4.   Identify enemy leaders and establish psychological profiles

5.   Estimate hostile counter-C4I capabilities

6.   Provide direction finding info on continuous signals

7.   Support BDA

 

V.       Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) – intelligence gathering, often by forward deployed naval forces

A.  Communications Intel (COMINT) – interceptions of communication intel (phones, radios, data links, etc)

B.  Electronics Intel (ELINT) – interceptions of non-communication intel (radar, ES, EW, etc)

 

VI.       The United States and the New States of Central Asia and the Caucasus

A.   19th Century – “great game” (struggle) between Russia and Great Britain over the “jewel of the crown” (India)

B.   The “new great game” is oil

C.  The Soviet Union collapsed into regions of mixed ethnicities with valuable fossil fuel reserves

1.   Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan – lots of oil … Turkmenistan – 3rd largest natural gas supply

D.   US Interests and Concerns in this “great new game”

1.   Make sure no state dominates fossil fuel reserves ΰ Pipeline battle: US wants pipelines west through Turkey; Russia wants pipelines north; China wants them east

2.   Islamic Fundamentalism – Saudi money boosts it but region’s leader ruthlessly surpress it

3.   Violent Ethnic Conflicts feared – ethnicities greatly split

4.   US balances support for democracy, human rights, and economic reform with fear of instability and chaos

a.   Supports authoritarian regimes with poor human rights for two reasons:

·     Keep them from selling oil soley to Moscow

·     Rather have them than fundamentalists in charge

VII.      Honorable Armitage, ‘67

A.   Vietnam – served on a destroyer and three more combat tours in riverine / advisory forces; left the Navy after the Paris Accords

B.   Public Titles / Jobs

1.   Worked in Saigon US Defense Attache Office – org and led removal of Vietnamese naval assets and personnel from the country

2.   Senior troubleshooting and negotiating positions in the Dept of State, DoD, and Congress

3.   Presidential Special Negotiator for Phillipines Military Bases Agreement

4.   Special Mediator for Water in the Middle East

5.   Special Emmisary to Jordan’s King Hussein in ’91 Gulf War

6.   NIS (New Independent States; from Soviet Union) assistance Director

7.   Coordinator for Emergency Humanitarian Assistance

8.   Deputy Sec of State – confirmed 23 March ’01 and sworn in 26 March ‘01

C.  President of Armitage Associates – ‘93 (left public service until 2001)

D.   Awards: DoD Medal for Distinguished Public Service (4); Presidential Citizens Medal; Dept of State Distinguished Honor Award

NOTE: PLATFORM INFORAMTION **MAY** NEED TO BE ADDED TO – I WILL SEND OUT AN EMAIL IF THIS OCCURS

Desig / Name

RQ-4A Global Hawk (HAE UAV)

RC-135 River Joint

E-6B Mercury

Mission

Extended Reconaissance*

electronic recon; Signals Intelligence Collection

TACAMO; relay EAMs from NCA

Capabilities

13,500mi range; 36hr endurance; surveys land size of IL in that time

 

Transmit / receive data on very low to high frequences; talk with SSBNs

72 hours flight w/refueling

Crew

None

4 + mission crew

22 Crew

Speed

~400 knots (cruise)

535 (max)

522 knots

Visual ID

 

 

 

 

 

                 Note: USAF plane

Note: Converted C-135 (Boeing)

 

Note: Modified Boeing 707

*ability to supply responsive and sustained data from anywhere within enemy territory, day or night, regardless of weather, as the needs of the warfighter dictate

 

Desig / Name

EP-3E ARIES II

RQ-1 Predator

RQ-2 Pioneer (UAV)

Mission

electronic warfare and recon

recon, target acquisition, BDA

recon, target acquisition, BDA

Crew (off /enl)

7 / 17

0

0

Speed

328 / 411

80 / 120

110 knots

Visual ID

(Note: Similar to P3; prop plane)

Note: Prop on rear of plane (right of pic)

HAE = High-Altitude, Long-Endurance     UAV = Unmanned Aerial Vehicle      ARIES = Airborne Reconnaissance Integrated Electronic System     TACAMO = Take Charge and Move Out EAM = Emergency Action Message              http://fas.org (Global Hawk also from http://www.is.northropgrumman.com) (E-6B, RQ-2 Pioneer http://www.chinfo.navy.mil)