NAMES AND TERMS

1. Allah (270) – most powerful god of Arab polytheists; became their only God
2. Anabaptists (504,508,519) – means rebaptism
1. Baptized adults only as younger ones did not understand
2. Very simple worship
3. Believed church was not linked to state (unusual for the time)
3. Arianism (232) – Arians followed the priest Arius
1. Did not believe Christ was coeternal or of the same substance with God
2. Considered heretical by other Christians
4. Bourgeoisie (584) – French term; originally meant townsman who had owned property and paid taxes for a long time
1. 18^th meaning – townsman aspiring to be important and worked hard
2. Composed 20-25% of a town; economic elite and usually governing elite too
5. Bubonic Plague (385) – originated in Mongolia’s Gobi desert and carried into the world in the 1330s
1. Wiped out 66% of Western Europe’s population from 1300 to 1450
2. Bubonic Plague – enormous groin or armpit swellings; black spots on appendages; diarrhea; death in 4-7 days
3. Pneumonic Plague – coughing of blood; death in 3 days
6. Byzantine Empire (262-269) – Eastern Roman empire; capital at Constantinople; fell to the Ottomans in 1453
7. Caliph – male Muslim leader; successor from Muhammad
8. Calvin's “Elect” (505) – predestined by God for eternal salvation (all others damned)
9. Charlemagne (266) – crowned Roman Emperor in the West; a Frank
10. Charters – written contract between noble and town that bestowed certain rights, etc
11. Chiaroscuro – woodcut technique in which several blocks are used to print different shades of a color
12. Chivalry (324-26) – knightly values inc. bravery, loyalty, generosity, weapon skill, manners; “horsemanship” literally
13. Circuit Courts and Sheriffs – admin innovations by the Normans who conquered England in 1066 to centralize royal authority and control in what was essentially a foreign, Anglo-Saxon country. Unlike earlier feudalism, these were centralized and accountable directly to the monarchy – one important first step on the road to the Magna Carta.
14. City Of God/City Of Man – from the “Two Cities” by Augustine
1. City of God – Jerusalem; symbolizes Christian community
2. City of Man – Rome; symbolizes all that is worldly
15. Constantine – won civil war after Diocletian abdicated; made succession hereditary; favored Christianity and many converted as a result
16. Council Of Trent (511) – called by Paul III; one of the church’s most important councils; upheld all challenged tenets inc:
1. Sacraments as an indispensable means of grace
2. Transubstantiation (apostolic succession of priests)
3. Existence of purgatory
4. Invocation of saints
5. Rule of celibacy (abstinence, no marriages) for the clergy
17. Covenant – God’s promise to the human race in the Bible
18. Domesday Book – written record of a census and survey of Eng landowners and their property by order of William the Conqueror in 1085
19. Exchequer – funds of a government; British governmental department charged with the collection of the national revenue
20. Feudalism – response to ineffectual central authority; German warband tradition; mutual responsibility

1. Class-oriented; only 1-2% were aristocracy
2. Feudalism economy avoided $ for military service
3. Promote regional autonomy and growth of factions
4. More info: http://tucker.dound.com/InClassNotes03_01.htm

21. Fief – land given for military service
1. Holder of grant: vassal; owes service and payment to Lord
2. Each fief has serfs to work land; bound to it
3. Serfs no bear arms; could not change class – depend on Lord for defense; justice, food
4. Noble and peasant clergy

22. Five Pillars Of Islam
1. Belief in one God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad
2. Five daily prayers
3. Giving Charity
4. Purification through fasting
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca once per lifetime
23. Flying Buttress – free-standing arched masonry support for a wall
24. Fourth Lateran Council (354, 361) – summoned by Pope Innocent in 1215; reps from western church defined the faith’s central dogmas
1. Said sacraments from church necessary to avoid damnation; two important ones: Eucharist and confession (once per year)
25. Franks – Germanic tribes of the Rhine region in the early Christian era; conquered Gaul in 500AD; extensive empire
26. Great Schism (395-6) – cardinals elect Pope Urban VI but find he is bad and declare his election null and reelect Clement VII (1378)
1. Urban refuses to resign and Clement goes to Avignon – French and those nearby recognize Clement, others Urban
2. As they die, they are replaced with Italian (Urban) or French (Clement) pope … both sides meet, depose both, elect a single one
3. Each pope has enough power to stay in, though, and now there are three popes (1409)
4. Council of Constance (1417) – removes all popes, gains support, and elects Martin V … council has two big decrees:

1) Council of Prelates would be superior to the pope and gov the church; 2) council must regularly meet

5. Pope returns to Italy and tries to abolish council; successfully ended in 1449 with support from kings

· Papacy gains theoretical control while losing much real power (kings given say over much of church in their lands)

27. Guild (311) – association of artisans to protect mutual interests, preserve monopolies, and regulate production, wages, work hours, etc
28. Heavy Plow – allowed the tilling of hard-clay typical in northern Europe with 6+ oxen; in 6 centuries since intro, pop grew from <10 to >35M
29. Hegira (271) – emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Yathrid in 622 A.D., marking the beginning of the Muslim calendar
30. Heresy/Heterodoxy – opinions or doctrines at variance with the orthodox position
31. Holy Roman Empire – German King Otto creates when he defeats Hungary in 955 using Charlemagne’s lance
1. Otto crowned by Pope John XII; Pope uses him to quell squabbles
2. Otto deposes Pope and remains in Italy to maintain control over the new the pope
3. Living in Italy weakens link with his nobility and ignites a civil war under his son’s rule (Henry IV)
32. Humanism (455) – Renaissance studies aimed at replacing 13/14^th century study of logic to language, literature, rhetoric, history, etc
33. Hundred Years' War (401-3) – war (series of conflicts) between England and France from 1337-1453 over English lands south of France and English support of rebellions by Flanders against France (due to English economic interests concerning wool there)
1. Philip IV of France and his three sons die making the closest heir the son of Philip’s daughter, King Edward III of England (1328)
2. In 1337 Edward is no longer a child and goes to war to claim France as his country, something continued by later English kings
3. French outnumber English 3:1 and are the richest European country but lose most pitched battles … reasons for Eng success:

· English are experienced fighters from battle with the Welsh and Scottish

· French are divided; Burgundy even allies with England from 1419 to 1435

· Joan of Arc gets Charles VII to let her command French troops and she leads and inspires (after being captured and burned at the stake by the English) the French to drive the Eng from all their land (Bordeaux last major one to fall)

34. Indulgence (318) – bought from the church for absolution from sin (plenary indulg– crusaders freed from sin and go to heaven on death)
35. Investiture Controversy – political controversy in Europe over church appointments and policies
1. 1075 – Pope Gregory VII bans King Henry IV from appointing any clergy
2. In response, Henry declares pope unseated and Gregory responds in kind; Henry eventually asks for forgiveness (granted)
3. Division not healed completely and war ensues b/w Germany and Italy; King and Pope appoint replacements for each other
4. Settled by Concordat of Worms b/w Calixtus II and Henry V – Henry agrees to not bribe candidates and pope lets him attend elections now

36. Jacquerie (318) – a rebellion in FR in 1358; Eng had just captured the king and lords and asked for ransom; led by Jacques Bonhomme
1. Peasants already had suffered much (Black Death, pillaging by English)
2. Richer peasants (only ones able to organize) rose up and burned castles and killed lords until being massacred after a month
37. Jesuits (512) – member of the Society of Jesus; founded by St. Ignatius Loyola. Originally group of 6 disciples who gathered to serve God in poverty, chastity, and missionary work. Strict, military-like organization.
38. King John I (1199-1216) – fourth son of Henry II; all his older siblings die and he becomes King. His rule characterized by failed, expensive invasions of France. Excommunicated by the pope and John complies when pope gives French king authority to invade Eng. John signs Magna Carta with angry rebels in London who elect the French King’s son Louis as their King upon John’s death in 1216.
39. John Calvin (505) – wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion which was the most influential systematic formulation of Protestant theology
40. John Wycliffe (399) – English Oxford Theologian; believed those who are predestined would live simply (since Church leaders lived extravagantly he said they were damned). Got supporters as people wanted the wealth distributed but later he becomes more radical, saying the Eucharist is bad, etc.
41. Justinian (250) – codified and revised Roman law
42. Machiavelli (461-2) – ends justify the means; actions must be judged by consequences; wrote The Prince – a “handbook for tyrants”
43. Magna Carta (331) – restricted King to the law; rights to the people (taxation had to be approved by barons, trial with judgment by peers)
44. Medici – rich banking family from Florence; essentially ruled Florence; produced 3 popes and 2 French queens; great patron of the arts
45. Messiah – expected king and deliverer of the Hebrews; Christ
46. Michelangelo (468) – Florence native; idealist; painter (Sistine Chapel), sculptor (David), architect, poet
47. Mithraism (229-230) – religion that competed with Christianity for dominance but lost out because it excluded women
48. Muhammad (270-1) – in 610 hears Allah say he is the one God; last prophet (Muslim belief)
49. Orthodox Christianity – traditional and established Christian faith
50. Orthodoxy (435) – emphasized by orthodox Sunni Muslims
51. Parliament (333) – made by King to call knights, nobles, etc for advice and to raise $$; evolved into sep branch that checked royal power
52. Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) – convinced spiritual reform req isolation of church from layman (inc. king) (see Investiture Controversy for more)
53. Pope Urban II (1088-99) – granted Crusaders plenary indulgence (see indulgence)
54. Pope Innocent III (1198-16) (360) – church threatened by heresy; 1) crush disobedience; 2) patronize relig idealists who recog papal auth
55. Predestination/Free Will (245) – divine decree fating all souls to either salvation or damnation vs. salvation based on actions in life
56. Prophet – interpreter through whom the will of a god is expressed
57. Quran (Koran) (271) – revelations sent by God to Muhammad; steps to paradise: morality, compassion, prayer, fast, pilgrimage to Mecca
58. Renaissance (452-4) – “rebirth;” thought, literature, and arts that emerged in Italy from 1350 to 1550; classicism (recovery of Greek, Roman, and other works) and humanism (see above).
59. Saladin (320) – Muslim leader who united Syria and Egypt; recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 which caused the 3^rd Crusade
60. Serf (306) – lowest feudal class, bound to land owned by a lord; required to perform labor in return for certain legal or customary rights
61. St. Augustine (242) – greatest of Fathers of the Latin Church; wrote of sinfulness of humanity and divine omnipotence;, predestination
1. Wrote Confessions (autobiography) and On the City of God (see above)
62. St. Benedict (480CE) (236) – drafted rules that led to great increases in monasticism
1. Required poverty, chastity, obedience, labor, and religious devotion
2. Abbot’s authority absolute; disobedience à flogging
3. “Try to be loved rather than feared”
4. Thought one should keep busy and do manual labor; led to useful manual labor and did valuable farming
63. Sunni/Shi`I – Ottomans were of this Muslim faith; captured Mecca in 1516; became Caliph in 1538; tolerant of other religions; protected Greek Orthodox in Constantinople and received support from Orthodox Christians as a result
64. Town Charter – grant from the sovereign power of a country conferring certain rights and privileges to townspeople
65. Trade Fairs (309) – emerged in the 12^th century in Champagne (France) where Italy, Muslim, Byzantine, and Flemish merchants traded
66. University Of Bologna (365) – earliest Italian univ (12^th century); study of law (and liberal arts to a lesser extent)
67. Usury (310) – lending money and charging the borrower interest; forbidden by the church (but ways around it – “commercial risks”)
68. Vassal – hospitality, taxes, supply knights, sit in court and judge cases, raise ransom for Lord
69. Venice – powerful merchant Italian city-state on the Adriatic which rose up after the 11th century as the Holy Roman Empire became more and more decentralized. It was totally focused on trade and commerce with the Middle East and run by merchants. After the discovery of the New World in 1492, Venice declines slowly until the late 18^th century, when it was conquered by Napoleon.
70. Vikings (294) – destructive Scandinavian raiders along coasts and river systems of the Carolingian empire (North and Western Europe)
71. William The Conqueror (1066-1087) (328) – Viking descendent and Duke of Normandy; claimed the Eng throne and attacked
1. Defeated the worn out Eng (from recent Viking attacks) at Hastings, killing King Harold
2. William rewards followers with grants of Eng land; this along w/existing admin auth of Eng made it a very centralized feudalism